Despite being responsible for state-of-the-art results in several computer vision and natural language processing tasks, neural networks have faced harsh criticism due to some of their current shortcomings. One of them is that neural networks are correlation machines prone to model biases within the data instead of focusing on actual useful causal relationships. This problem is particularly serious in application domains affected by aspects such as race, gender, and age. To prevent models from incurring on unfair decision-making, the AI community has concentrated efforts in correcting algorithmic biases, giving rise to the research area now widely known as fairness in AI. In this survey paper, we provide an in-depth overview of the main debiasing methods for fairness-aware neural networks in the context of vision and language research. We propose a novel taxonomy to better organize the literature on debiasing methods for fairness, and we discuss the current challenges, trends, and important future work directions for the interested researcher and practitioner.

Multi-class ensemble classification remains a popular focus of investigation within the research community. The popularization of cloud services has sped up their adoption due to the ease of deploying large-scale machine-learning models. It has also drawn the attention of the industrial sector because of its ability to identify common problems in production. However, there are challenges to conform an ensemble classifier, namely a proper selection and effective training of the pool of classifiers, the definition of a proper architecture for multi-class classification, and uncertainty quantification of the ensemble classifier. The robustness and effectiveness of the ensemble classifier lie in the selection of the pool of classifiers, as well as in the learning process. Hence, the selection and the training procedure of the pool of classifiers play a crucial role. An (ensemble) classifier learns to detect the classes that were used during the supervised training. However, when injecting data with unknown conditions, the trained classifier will intend to predict the classes learned during the training. To this end, the uncertainty of the individual and ensemble classifier could be used to assess the learning capability. We present a novel approach for novel detection using ensemble classification and evidence theory. A pool selection strategy is presented to build a solid ensemble classifier. We present an architecture for multi-class ensemble classification and an approach to quantify the uncertainty of the individual classifiers and the ensemble classifier. We use uncertainty for the anomaly detection approach. Finally, we use the benchmark Tennessee Eastman to perform experiments to test the ensemble classifier's prediction and anomaly detection capabilities.

The number of international benchmarking competitions is steadily increasing in various fields of machine learning (ML) research and practice. So far, however, little is known about the common practice as well as bottlenecks faced by the community in tackling the research questions posed. To shed light on the status quo of algorithm development in the specific field of biomedical imaging analysis, we designed an international survey that was issued to all participants of challenges conducted in conjunction with the IEEE ISBI 2021 and MICCAI 2021 conferences (80 competitions in total). The survey covered participants' expertise and working environments, their chosen strategies, as well as algorithm characteristics. A median of 72% challenge participants took part in the survey. According to our results, knowledge exchange was the primary incentive (70%) for participation, while the reception of prize money played only a minor role (16%). While a median of 80 working hours was spent on method development, a large portion of participants stated that they did not have enough time for method development (32%). 25% perceived the infrastructure to be a bottleneck. Overall, 94% of all solutions were deep learning-based. Of these, 84% were based on standard architectures. 43% of the respondents reported that the data samples (e.g., images) were too large to be processed at once. This was most commonly addressed by patch-based training (69%), downsampling (37%), and solving 3D analysis tasks as a series of 2D tasks. K-fold cross-validation on the training set was performed by only 37% of the participants and only 50% of the participants performed ensembling based on multiple identical models (61%) or heterogeneous models (39%). 48% of the respondents applied postprocessing steps.

流程挖掘是一组技术，该技术被组织用于理解和改善其运营流程。设计任何流程重新设计程序的第一步是找到过程改进机会。在现有的工作中，通常假定在事先检测或易于检测到的有问题的过程实例集合中发生不良结果。因此，过程增强程序涉及在这些过程实例中找到根本原因和问题的处理。例如，有问题的实例集被视为具有异常值或值的值或大于该过程特征之一中给定阈值的值。但是，在各种情况下，使用这种方法，遗漏了许多流程增强机会，而不是这些有问题的过程实例所捕获的。为了克服这个问题，我们将找到过程增强区域作为上下文敏感的异常/异常检测问题。我们将过程增强区域定义为一组情况（过程实例或过程实例的前缀），其中过程性能令人惊讶。我们的目的是表征那些过程/结果/结果与在类似情况下的性能/结果明显不同的情况。为了评估拟议方法的有效性和相关性，我们已经对几个现实生活事件日志进行了实施和评估。

本文基于Loeffler离散余弦变换（DCT）算法引入了矩阵参数化方法。结果，提出了一类新的八点DCT近似值，能够统一文献中几个八点DCT近似的数学形式主义。帕累托效率的DCT近似是通过多准则优化获得的，其中考虑了计算复杂性，接近性和编码性能。有效的近似及其缩放的16和32点版本嵌入了图像和视频编码器中，包括类似JPEG的编解码器以及H.264/AVC和H.265/HEVC标准。将结果与未修饰的标准编解码器进行比较。在Xilinx VLX240T FPGA上映射并实现了有效的近似值，并评估了面积，速度和功耗。

尽管对生物学上合理的学习规则进行了广泛的理论工作，但很难获得有关大脑中是否以及如何实施此类规则的明确证据。我们考虑在生物学上合理的监督和加强学习规则，并询问学习过程中网络活动的变化是否可以用于确定正在使用哪种学习规则。有监督的学习需要一个信用分配模型来估计从神经活动到行为的映射，并且在生物生物体中，该模型将不可避免地是理想映射的不完善的近似，从而导致相对于重量更新的偏见真正的梯度。另一方面，强化学习不需要信用分配模型，并且倾向于按照真正的梯度方向进行体重更新。我们得出一个指标，通过观察学习过程中网络活动的变化来区分学习规则，鉴于实验者已经知道了从大脑到行为的映射。由于脑机界面（BMI）实验允许对该映射进行完美了解，因此我们专注于使用复发性神经网络对光标控制BMI任务进行建模，这表明可以在模拟实验中使用神经科学实验者将在模拟实验中进行区分，以区分学习规则。合理地可以访问。

捕获一般的变形场景对于许多计算机图形和视觉应用至关重要，当只有单眼RGB视频可用时，这尤其具有挑战性。竞争方法假设密集的点轨道，3D模板，大规模训练数据集或仅捕获小规模的变形。与这些相反，我们的方法UB4D在挑战性的情况下超过了先前的艺术状态，而没有做出这些假设。我们的技术包括两个新的，在非刚性3D重建的背景下，组件，即1）1）针对非刚性场景的基于坐标的和隐性的神经表示，这使动态场景无偏重建，2）新颖的新颖。动态场景流量损失，可以重建较大的变形。我们的新数据集（将公开可用）的结果表明，就表面重建精度和对大变形的鲁棒性而言，对最新技术的明显改善。访问项目页面https://4dqv.mpi-inf.mpg.de/ub4d/。

语言模型既展示了定量的改进，又展示了新的定性功能，随着规模的增加。尽管它们具有潜在的变革性影响，但这些新能力的特征却很差。为了为未来的研究提供信息，为破坏性的新模型能力做准备，并改善社会有害的效果，至关重要的是，我们必须了解目前和近乎未来的能力和语言模型的局限性。为了应对这一挑战，我们介绍了超越模仿游戏基准（Big Bench）。 Big Bench目前由204个任务组成，由132家机构的442位作者贡献。任务主题是多样的，从语言学，儿童发展，数学，常识性推理，生物学，物理学，社会偏见，软件开发等等。 Big-Bench专注于被认为超出当前语言模型的功能的任务。我们评估了OpenAI的GPT型号，Google内部密集变压器体系结构和大型基础上的开关稀疏变压器的行为，跨越了数百万到数十亿个参数。此外，一个人类专家评估者团队执行了所有任务，以提供强大的基准。研究结果包括：模型性能和校准都随规模改善，但绝对的术语（以及与评估者的性能相比）；在模型类中的性能非常相似，尽管带有稀疏性。逐渐和预测的任务通常涉及大量知识或记忆成分，而在临界规模上表现出“突破性”行为的任务通常涉及多个步骤或组成部分或脆性指标；社交偏见通常会随着含糊不清的环境而随着规模而增加，但这可以通过提示来改善。

目的：开发基于深度学习的图像重建框架，以在MRI中可复制研究。方法：Bart Toolbox提供了丰富的校准和重建算法的实现，用于并行成像和压缩传感。在这项工作中，BART由非线性操作员框架扩展，该框架提供了自动差异以允许计算梯度。 BART的现有特定于MRI的操作员，例如非均匀的快速傅立叶变换，直接集成到该框架中，并与神经网络中使用的常见构件相辅相成。为了评估用于先进的基于深度学习的重建框架的使用，实现了两个最先进的展开的重建网络，即变异网络[1]和MODL [2]。结果：可以使用BART的基于BART的优化算法来构建和训练最新的深层图像重建网络。与基于TensorFlow的原始实现相比，BART实施在训练时间和重建质量方面具有相似的性能。结论：通过将非线性操作员和神经网络整合到BART中，我们为MRI中的深度学习重建提供了一个一般框架。

变异推理通常从近似分布q到后p中最小化“反向” kullbeck-leibeler（kl）kl（q || p）。最近的工作研究“正向” KL KL（P || Q），它与反向KL不同并不能导致低估不确定性的变异近似值。本文介绍了运输评分攀登（TSC），该方法通过使用汉密尔顿蒙特卡洛（HMC）和新型的自适应传输图来优化KL（P || Q）。传输图通过充当潜在变量空间和扭曲空间之间变量的变化来改善HMC的轨迹。TSC使用HMC样品在优化KL时动态训练传输图（P || Q）。TSC利用协同作用，在该协同作用下，更好的运输地图会导致更好的HMC采样，从而导致更好的传输地图。我们在合成和真实数据上演示了TSC。我们发现，在训练大规模数据的变异自动编码器时，TSC可以实现竞争性能。